|
Before the southward migration of the Tai people from Yunnan in the 10th century, the Indochinese peninsula had been a home to various indigenous animistic communities as early as 500,000 years ago. The diverse Austroasiatic groups that inhabited the Indochina peninsula are related to the people who still inhabit the islands of the Pacific. These peoples were dispersed along the Gulf of Thailand, the Malay Peninsula and Maritime Southeast Asia, inhabiting the coastal areas of the archipelago as well as other remote islands.〔O.W. Wolters, Early Indonesian Commerce: A study of the origins of Srivijaya (Cornell University Press, 1974), pp.129–158.〕 Some of the seafarers sailed as far as New Zealand, Hawaii and Madagascar. The most well known pre-historic settlement in Thailand is often associated with the major archaeological site at Ban Chiang; dating of artefacts from this site is a consensus that at least by 3600 BC the inhabitants had developed bronze tools and also began the cultivation of rice. == Indigenous states theory == Instead of the theory of the migration from southern China, some posit an Indigenous States theory. A number of indigenous states were able to absorb foreign political and cultural influences, and forge their own distinct cultural identity.〔O.W. Wolters, History, Culture, and Region in Southeast Asian Perspectives (Singapore, 1982), pp.4–8, 9–12.〕 Previously, studies on the initial state of Thai history were confined to the preconception that both its origin and existence were the results of Indian influences alone. These influences were seen as being a significant cause of early Thai states becoming a unified state with territorial power covering areas of the Indochina peninsula.〔Justin Van Leur, Indonesian Trade and Society : Essays in Asian Social and Economic History (The Hague, 1955).〕 Furthermore, the idea of a unified state extended to the belief that its citizens were all of Mon descent.〔George Coedes, Bulletin de la commission archeologique de l’Indochine (1911).〕 This theory ignored the fact that the indigenous groups already had their own political and cultural systems, although numerous and diverse, which were both individualistic and well developed.〔Srisakra Vallibhotama, Southeast Asia in the 9th the 14th centuries (Singapore 1986), pp.229–238.〕 They had contacted and exchanged between the groups and then established a common culture before the advent of Indian influences. The development of Suvarnabhumi (Thai: U-Thong, Chinese: Chinlin〔Jean Boisselier, The recent discovery at NakornPathom.〕) and Funan〔George Coedes, Indianized States, p.22.〕 from the communities to coastal centres was due to their economic and cultural interaction with seafarers from the South China Sea and the Indian Ocean.〔Paul Wheatle, The Golden Khersonese 1966, p.24.〕 They transported both new techniques and artefacts to the various settlements in Southeast Asia. They were the main force influencing the later development of populated centres into states. They were in contact with the seafarers of Maritime Southeast Asia and became coastal centres of the trade and the cultural activities during the 2nd to 6th centuries. Together with Suvarnabhumi and Funan, Chinese records mention the states of Tun-Sun, Tan-Tan, Pan-Pan〔Wang Gung wu, “The Nanhai Trade; a Study of the Early History of Chinese Trade in the South China Sea” JMBRAS, p.54.〕 and the later states such as Chi Tu, Lang-Jia-Shu, To-Lo-Po-Ti and Lo-Hu.〔O.W. Wolters, “Chen-Li-Fu, A State on the Gulf of Siam at the beginning of the 13th century” JSS XLVIII, Pt.II (November 1960), pp.1–35.〕 These records correlate with certain archaeological finds. The Roman lamp, copper coins of Victorius, atche beads, enamelled beads were found in this area.〔George Coedes, “The Excavations at Pong Tuk and their importance for the history of Siam” JSS, 21, 3 (1928), pp.195–209.〕 These antiques were also firmly related to the trading which linked the Eastern and Western world.〔Paul Wheatle, ''The Golden Khersonese'' 1966, p.15, note 2, p.288.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Initial states of Thailand」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|